BCOC 132 Business Organisation and Management Solved Assignment 2024 - 2025
[IGNOU BCOMG Solved Assignment 2024 - 2025]
Bachelor of Commerce (General)
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM
BCOC – 132: Business Organisation and Management
ASSIGNMENT 2024-25
Valid from 1st July 2024 to 30th June 2025 (First Semester)
TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT
COURSE CODE: BCOC-132
COURSE TITLE: Business Organisation and Management
ASSIGNMENT CODE: BCOC-132/TMA/2024-25
COVERAGE: ALL BLOCKS
Maximum Marks: 100
Note: Attempt all the questions.
Section-A
(Attempt all the questions. Each question carries 10 marks.)
1. How technology has impacted the business in today's time, and what are its benefits? (10)
Ans: Technology can be defined as an application of knowledge that leads to production and marketing of goods and services. According to Betz Technology develops business by providing technical knowledge for the goods and services that firm produces.
Businesses are affected by changes in the technological atmosphere. Technology revolutionises and offers risks, opportunities and threats to businesses. Some businesses can exercise changing technology to step forward products and processes or even engender new products and processes that will expand markets and profits. We have been witnessing how has know-how transformed business.
Stone Age, Iron Age, Bronze Age, Steel Age, described in our history have been defined on the basis of technology. It is the innovation and transformation of activities which had brought transformation in business. The transformation has been facilitating the progression in technology.
Business patterns are quickly developing. It appears innovation is progressing at a consistent quicker rate. We are feeling the impact of these progressions. Business intelligence and analytics are in high demand as organisations seek to use information assets to improve business outcomes, customer relationships, and operational efficiency. Some of the emerging business trends are explained below:
1. Automation: Automation driven by AI and advanced equipment is set to upset work as we know it. We are robotizing customary occupations out of existence regularly.
2. Blockchain: Blockchain was designed by Stuart Haber and Scott Stornetta in 1991 as a method to promise the trustworthiness of digital records. Haber and Stornetta propelled the world’s first business blockchain. A Blockchain is a practice for making an index of entries, which cannot be changed after they are completed. This equally applies to the index. Blocks on the blockchain are comprised of virtual snippets of data.
3. Artificial Intelligence: The recent boom in technology has led to demands for our applications that include artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. This has led the industry to develop the expertise in AI and ML tools so that the skills can be implemented in the products.
4. Machine Learning: Machine Learning (ML) is the field of learning that gives computers the potential to gain knowledge of without being unambiguously programmed. ML is one of the most exciting technologies that one would have ever come across. Machine learning is the scientific study of algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use to in actual fact perform a specific task without using explicit instructions, relying on patterns and inference instead Machine learning is an application of AI that provides systems the capability to mechanically learn and progress from knowledge without being overtly programmed.
5. Social Shopping: As e-commerce has grown over the last decade or so, it has also evolved, changed shape, and spawned numerous offshoots. One of those offshoots of the big e-commerce insurgency is social commerce and it is making a big plaster. Social shopping is a new term that illustrates a progression where social network users can procure products that come into sight in their feeds and channels without interrupting their browsing occurrence.
6. Robotics: Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation, and use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory response, and information processing. These technologies are used to develop machines that can substitute for humans and replicate human actions.
Benefits of Technology to the Business
1. Reducing Business Costs: Small business owners can bring into play innovation to reduce business costs. Business innovation mechanizes back office operations, for example, record keeping, accounting, payroll and finance. Entrepreneurs can likewise utilise know-how to assemble secure conditions for keeping up important business or customer data.
2. Harmonising Communication: Technology facilitates in harmonisation of the communication process. For example, emails, texting, websites and personal digital products applications, known as "apps," may facilitate the communication with consumers. Companies can further take customer criticism through these electronic communication methods. These methods also allocate companies to reach customers via mobile devices in a real-time arrangement.
3. Potential enlargement in Business: Technology permits small businesses to accomplish the operations in the new markets. Rather than just selling consumer goods or services in the restricted market, small businesses can accomplish regional, national and international markets. Retail websites are the most widespread technique for small businesses to sell products in quite a few dissimilar economic markets. Websites provide a minimal effort choice that shoppers can get to all day, every day when expecting to buy merchandise or services. Entrepreneurs can likewise utilise Internet publicising to achieve new markets and clients through mindfully placed web promotions.
4. Considerations: Business technology enables organisations to subcontract business operations to different organisations in the worldwide and local business surroundings. Outsourcing can encourage organisations to lower expenses and focus on finishing the business work they do. Technical help and customer care are two important operations that organisations subcontract. Entrepreneurs may consider outsourcing of the operations for which they do not have the fitting offices or reachable labour.
5. Innovation: Innovation enables organisations to contract out capacity to the least expensive territories conceivable, including foreign nations. The world is experiencing a profound situated adjustment, on account of constant connectivity universally. This is making a requirement for a computerized change of the entire thing - from retail to our postal framework. It is changing our foundation needs and it is additionally expanding the velocity of business.
2. What are the forms of organisation in public enterprises? Explain the features of each form. (10)
Ans: Types of Public Sector Enterprises: There are three different forms of organisation used for the public sector enterprises in India. These are:
(1) Departmental Undertaking;
(2) Statutory (or Public) Corporation, and
(3) Government Company.
(1) Departmental Undertaking:
Departmental Undertaking form of organisation is primarily used to provide essential services such as railways, postal services, broadcasting etc. Such organisations function under the overall control of a ministry of the Government. This form is considered suitable for activities where the government desires to have control over them in view of the public interest.
The major characteristics of Departmental enterprises are
(a) The enterprise is financed by annual appropriation from the treasury and all or major share of its revenues are paid into the treasury.
(b) The enterprise is subject to budget accounting and audit controls applicable to other government activities.
(c) The permanent staffs of the enterprise are civil servants, the method by which they are recruited and the conditions of service under which they are employed are ordinarily the same as for other civil servants.
(d) The enterprise is generally organised as a major sub-division of one of the central government departments and is subject to direct control of the need of the department.
(e) Wherever this applies in the legal system of the country concerned, the enterprise possesses the sovereign immunity of the state and cannot be used without the consent of the government.
(2) Statutory Corporation:
Statutory Corporation (or public corporation) refers to a corporate body created by the Parliament or State Legislature by a special Act which define its powers, functions and pattern of management. Statutory corporation is also known as public corporation. Its capital is wholly provided by the government. Examples of such organisations are Life Insurance Corporation of India, State Trading Corporation etc.
The major characteristics of Statutory Corporations are
(a) It is incorporated under a special Act of Parliament or State Legislative Assembly.
(b) It is an autonomous body and is free from government control in respect of its internal management. However, it is accountable to parliament and state legislature.
(c) It has a separate legal existence. Its capital is wholly provided by the government.
(d) It is managed by Board of Directors, which is composed of individuals who are trained and experienced in business management. The members of the board of Directors are nominated by the government.
(e) It is supposed to be self-sufficient in financial matters. However, in case of necessity it may take loan and/or seek assistance from the government.
(f) The employees of these enterprises are recruited as per their own requirement by following the terms and conditions of recruitment decided by the Board.
(3) Government Company:
Government Company refers to the company in which 51 percent or more of the paid up capital is held by the government. It is registered under the Companies Act and is fully governed by the provisions of the Act. Most business units owned and managed by government fall in this category.
The major characteristics of Government Company are:
(a) It is registered under the Companies Act, 2013.
(b) It has a separate legal entity. It can sue and be sued, and can acquire property in its own name.
(c) The annual reports of the government companies are required to be presented in parliament.
(d) The capital is wholly or partially provided by the government. In case of partially owned company the capital is provided both by the government and private investors. But in such a case the central or state government must own at least 51% shares of the company.
(e) It is managed by the Board of Directors. All the Directors or the majority of Directors are appointed by the government, depending upon the extent of private participation.
(f) Its accounting and audit practices are more like those of private enterprises and its auditors are Chartered Accountants appointed by the government.
(g) Its employees are not civil servants. It regulates its personnel policies according to its articles of associations.
3. What do you understand by centralisation and decentralisation? Also, explain the advantages and disadvantages of decentralisation? (10)Ans: Centralization and Decentralization
Centralization: Centralization refers to the situation in which a minimum number of job activities and a minimum amount of authority are delegated to subordinates. Thus, Centralization refers to the concentration of authority at one point or at different levels. Centralization reduces the importance of subordinates and makes them mechanical, as the subordinates are only to execute whatever is ordered. The two definitions of centralization given by Louis Allen and Henry Fayol are:
In the words of Louis Allen, “Centralization is the systematic and consistent reservation of authority at central points within the organisation.”
In the words of Henry Fayol “Everything that goes to increase the importance of the subordinate’s role is decentralization, everything which goes to reduce it is centralization”.
Decentralisation: It refers to the situation in which a significant number of job activity and a maximum amount of authority are delegated to subordinates. It signifies the necessity of dividing the managerial task to the lowest level of managers, with an intention to grant all the authority to make the particular division or department autonomous. Each department has the full authority to decide on all matters concerning the department except those matters which need to be left to the top management to decide.
Centralization and decentralization should not be confused with location of work. An organisation having branches in different places may be centralized. Similarly, an enterprise may be decentralized even though all its offices are located in one building. Here we will discuss the definitions of decentralization.
According to Koontz and Weihrich,” Decentralization is the tendency to disperse decision-making authority in an organized structure”.
According to Newman, Summer & Warren “Decentralization is simply a matter of dividing up the managerial work and assigning specific duties to the various executive skills.”
ADVANTAGES OF DECENTRALIZATION
a) Quicker and better decisions: it disperses decision making authority close to unit managers who execute decisions. It reduces problems of communication and red tape. This leads to quicker and better decision making
b) Diversification: decentralization facilitates diversification of products, activities and markets. Profit centers can be established with independence in decision making.
c) Competitive organizational climate: Decentralization promotes competitive climate for improving performance among divisions and profit centers.
d) Management development: decentralization encourages managers to exercise freedom and independence in decision making. They learn to make decisions and exercise judgment. This develops managerial competency.
e) Environmental adaptation: Decentralization helps organizations to adapt to fast-changing environment.
f) Relieves burden of top management: Top managers are relieved from making routine decisions. They can concentrate on important issues of strategic relevance.
g) Higher motivation and morale: Decentralization provides power, prestige and status to subordinates. This increases motivation and morale of subordinates.
DISADVANTAGES OF DECENTRALIZATION
a) Problem of coordination and control: Decentralization provides freedom and independence in decision making. This can lead to inconsistencies in policies, programs and procedures. This can create the problem of poor coordination and control.
b) High cost: Decentralization can result in duplication of efforts and waste of resources. Human resources need to be trained. This results in increased costs. It is also time consuming.
c) Unsuitable for specialized services: Decentralization is not suitable in tackling emergency situations. Adjustment to fast changing situation may be difficult.
d) Handicap in emergency: Decentralization can become a handicap in tackling emergency situations. Adjustment to fast changing situation may be difficult.
e) Lack of managerial capacity: Decentralization requires competent and skilled subordinates. It may be difficult to find them.
4. Explain the nature and significance of vertical, horizontal and diagonal communication channels. (10)
Ans: Coming Soon
5. Describe the concept of product life cycle. Explain various stages of product life cycle. (10)Ans: Product Life Cycle: A product is like a human being. It is born, grows up fast, matures and then finally passes away. Product life cycle is the stages through which a product or its category bypass. From its introduction to the marketing, growth, maturity to its decline or reduce in demand in the market. Not all products reach this final stage, some continue to grow and some rise and fall. In short, The PLC discusses the stages which a product has to go through since the day of its birth to the day it is taken away from the market.
However, the basic difference in case of human beings and products is that a product has to be killed by someone. Either the company (to bring better products) or by competition (too much external competition). There are several products in the market which have lived on since ages (Light Bulbs, Tubelights), whereas there are others which were immediately taken off the shelf (HD DVD).
Thus the Product life cycle deals with four stages of a products life.
Stages of Product life cycle:
A) Introduction:
The stage 1 is where the product is launched. A product launch is always risky. You never know how the market will receive the product. There have been numerous failures in the past to make marketers nervous during the launch of the product. The length of the introduction stage varies according to the product.
If the product is technological and receives acceptance in the market, it may come out of the introductory phase as soon as it is launched. Whereas if the product is of a different category altogether and needs market awareness, it may take time to launch.
Characteristics of Introductory stages of Product life cycle
- Higher investment, lesser profits
- Minimal Competition
- Company tries to Induce acceptance and gain initial distribution
- Company needs Promotions targeted towards customers to increase awareness and demand for product
- Company needs Promotions targeted towards channel to increase confidence in the product
B) Growth:
Once the introductory phases are over, the product starts showing better returns on investment. Your customers and channels begin responding. There is better demand in the market and slowly the product starts showing profits.
This is a stage where competition may step in to squash the product before it has completely launched. Any marketing mistakes done at this stage affect the product considerably as the product is being exposed to the market and bad news travels fast. Thus special care has to be taken in this stage to ensure competition or bad decisions do not affect the growth stage of the product.
Characteristics of Growth stage of Product life cycle
- Product is successfully launched
- Demand increases
- Distribution increases
- Competition intensifies
- Company might introduce secondary products or support services.
- Better revenue generation and ROI
C) Maturity stage:
One of the problems associated with maturity stages in a technologically advanced environment is the problem of duplication. Not only is the product available in duplicate markets, but also there are several competing products which arise with the same features and capabilities. As a result, the USP’s of the product become less attractive.
Along with competition, Penetration pricing becomes a weapon for competitors. Competitors sell products with the same features at lesser prices thereby trying to penetrate in the market. Nonetheless, The sales of a product (especially sales from return customers) is at its peak point during the maturity stages. The growth of sales may be lesser, but the sales revenue of the organization is maximum during the maturity stage of product life cycle.
Characteristics of Maturity stages of Product life cycle
- Competition is high
- Product is established and promotion expenditures are less
- Little growth potential for the product
- Penetration pricing, and lower profit margins
- The major focus is towards extending the life cycle and maintaining market share
- Converting customer’s product to your own is a major challenge in maturity stage
D) Decline:
1 product, 10 competitors, minimum profits, huge amount of manpower and resources in use – A typical scenario which a product might face in its last stage. In this stage the expenditures begin to equal the profits or worse, expenses are more than profits.
Thus it becomes a typical scenario for the product to exit the market. It also becomes advantageous for the company as the company can use resources it was spending on the declining product on an altogether different project.
Characteristics of Decline stages of Product life cycle
- Market is saturated
-Sales and profits decline
- Company becomes cost conscious
- A lot of resources are blocked in rejuvenating the dead product.
Section-B (Attempt all the questions. Each question carries 6 marks.)
6. What is the main distinction between the economic activity and noneconomic activity? (6)Ans: Economic activities are those that are concerned with production, exchange and distribution of goods and rendering of services to earn money.
Non-economic activities are those activities, which are pursued by human beings because of social, psychological and religions sentiments.
Economic and non-economic activities are undertaken with a different object and purpose and they are different from each other in the following ways:
1. Objective: Economic activities are performed to earn money. Non- economic activities are performed out of love and affection or out of duty. The purpose of undertaking these activities is to get some satisfaction.
2. Scope: Economic activities may take place between employers and employees or between producers and consumers. Non-economic activities may be among members of a family, social worker and those being served etc.
3. Money Measurement: Economic activities are measured in money or money’s worth while non-economic activities have no money value.
4. Philosophy: Economic activities are backed by pragmatic philosophy of earning something out of them. Non-economic activities are performed with idealistic philosophy of attaching more importance to human values and less to money.
5. Expectation: The expectation of performing economic activities is to earn income or profit. Non-economic activities are performed to get mental satisfaction.
7. What are the objectives of a cooperative form of organisation? Explain its merits and limitations. (6)Ans: Cooperative societies are forms of business organisations whose main aim is to not to earn profit but to provide services to its members. The main Objectives of Cooperative Society are given below:
a) To provide support and services to the members of the society and not to earn the profit
b) To help each other mutually and not to have competition
c) To practice fair and transparent business activities
d) To deliver the quality goods and produce to the end customers
Advantages of Co-operative Society
A Co-operative form of business organisation has the following advantages:
1. Easy Formation: Formation of a co-operative society is very easy compared to a joint stock company. Any ten adults can voluntarily form an association and get it registered with the Registrar of Co-operative Societies.
2. Open Membership: Persons having common interest can form a co-operative society. Any competent person can become a member at any time he/she likes and can leave the society at will.
3. Democratic Control: A co-operative society is controlled in a democratic manner. The members cast their vote to elect their representatives to form a committee that looks after the day-to-day administration. This committee is accountable to all the members of the society.
4. Limited Liability: The liability of members of a co-operative society is limited to the extent of capital contributed by them. Unlike sole proprietors and partners the personal properties of members of the co-operative societies are free from any kind of risk because of business liabilities.
5. Elimination of Middlemen’s Profit: Through co-operatives the members or consumers control their own supplies and thus, middlemen’s profit is eliminated.
Limitations of Co-operative Organisations
As against the above-mentioned advantages of cooperatives the following limitations and drawbacks of this form of organisation must also be noted:
(i) Limited capital: Co-operatives are usually at a disadvantage in raising capital because of the low rate of return on capital invested by members.
(ii) Inefficient management: The management of a cooperative society is generally inefficient because the managing committee consists of part-time and inexperienced people. Qualified managers are not attracted towards a co-operative on account of its limited capacity to pay adequate remuneration.
(iii) Absence of motivation: A co-operative society is formed for mutual benefit and the interest of individual members are not fully satisfied. There is no direct link between effort and reward. Hence members are not inclined to put in their best efforts in a co-operative society.
(iv) Differences and factionalism among members: Once the initial enthusiasm about the co-operative ideal is exhausted, differences and group conflicts arise among members. Then it becomes very difficult to get full cooperation of the members. The selfish motives of members begin to dominate and service motive is sometimes forgotten. But the society continues because it functions in the interest of members.
(v) Rigid rules and regulations: Excessive government regulation and control over Co-operatives affect their functioning. For example, a Co-operative society is required to get its accounts audited by the auditors of the co-operative department and submit its accounts regularly to the Registrar. These regulations and control may adversely affect the flexibility of operations and the efficiency of management in a co-operative society.
8. What do you mean by span of control? Discuss factors affecting span of control. (6)Ans: Span of Control: In the words of Spriegal, "Span of control means the number of people reporting directly to an authority. The principle of span of control implies that no single executive should have more people looking to him for guidance and leadership than he can reasonably be expected to serve. The span of supervision is also known as span of control, span of management, span of responsibility, span of authority and span of direction.
Factors influencing the span of Management
There are number of factors that influence or determine the span of Management in a particular organisation, the most important of these are as follows:
Ans: Herzberg’s two factor theory: Herzberg identified two sets of factors responsible for causing either satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The factors influencing satisfaction are called motivation factors or motivators, which are related specifically to the job itself and the factors causing dissatisfaction, are called hygiene factors, which are related to the work environment in which the job is performed.
Motivators
- Achievement
- Recognition
- Advancement
- The work itself
- The possibility of personal growth
- Responsibility
Hygiene or Maintenance Factors
- Company policies
- Technical supervision
- Interpersonal relations with supervisor
- Interpersonal relations with peers
- Interpersonal relations with subordinates
- Salary
- Job security
- Personal life
- Work conditions
- Status
Based on these findings, Herzberg recommended that managers seeking to motivate employees should first make sure that hygiene factors are taken care of and that employees are not dissatisfied with pay, security and working conditions. Once a manager has eliminated employee dissatisfaction, Hertzberg recommends focusing on a different set of factors to increase motivation, by improving opportunities for advancement, recognition, advancement and growth. Specifically, he recommends job enrichment as a means of enhancing the availability of motivation factors.
Difference between Maslow’s Need Hierarchy theory and Herzberg’s motivation Hygiene Theory
1. Meaning:
Maslow's theory is based on the concept of human needs and their satisfaction.
Hertzberg's theory is based on the use of motivators which include achievement, recognition and opportunity for growth.
2. Basis of Theory:
Maslow's theory is based on the hierarchy of human needs. He identified five sets of human needs (on priority basis) and their satisfaction in motivating employees.
Hertzberg refers to hygiene factors and motivating factors in his theory. Hygiene factors are dissatisfying while motivating factors motivate subordinates. Hierarchical arrangement of needs is not given.
3. Nature of Theory:
Maslow's theory is rather simple and descriptive. The theory is based long experience about human needs.
Hertzberg's theory is more prescriptive. It suggests the motivating factors which can be used effectively. This theory is based on actual information collected by Hertzberg by interviewing 200 engineers and accountants.
4. Applicability of Theory:
Maslow's theory is most popular and widely cited theory of motivation and has wide applicability. It is mostly applicable to poor and developing countries where money is still a big motivating factor.
Herzberg's theory is an extension of Maslow's theory of motivation. Its applicability is narrow. It is applicable to rich and developed countries where money is less important motivating factor.
10. Elucidate the difference between Primary Market and Secondary Market? (6)
Ans: Primary market which is also called new issue market represents a market where new securities i.e. share, debentures and bonds that have never been previously issued are offered. It is a market of fresh capital. The main function of this market is to facilitate the transfer of funds from willing investors to the entrepreneurs who need funds. but with the changing time, the nature of primary market is also changing.
Secondary market also called stock exchange represents a market where existing securities i.e. shares and debentures are traded. Its main function is to create a link between the buyers and sellers of securities so that investments can change hands in the quickest and cheapest manner.
Differences between primary and secondary market which are given below:
| Basis | Primary Market | Secondary Market |
| 1. Meaning | It is the market where the securities are issued for the first time. It is also referred as New issue market. | It is the market where the existing securities are traded. It is also called stock Exchange. |
| 2. Price determination | The prices of the securities are determined by the company. | The prices of the securities are determined by the forces of demand and supply of the securities. |
| 3. Buying and selling | Here, only buying of the securities take place. | Here, buying and selling of the securities, both take place. |
| 4. Participants | Securities are sold by the company directly to the investors. | Securities are traded by the investors. Company is not involved in trading. |
| 5. Purpose | Purpose of primary market is to provide capital for setting new business. | The main purpose of secondary market is to provide liquidity to the investors. |
| 6. Capital formation | Primary market promotes capital formation directly. | Capital market promotes capital formation indirectly. |
Section-C (Attempt all the questions. Each question carries 5 marks.)
11. What are the features of Technological Innovation? (5)
Technology and innovation when combined together lead to technological innovation. The basic aim of technology management is to implement the technology and float it in the market, e.g. agricultural produce like harvesting use technology. The myth that IT is related only to computers and electronics is not true. It is far more than that. Introduction of life saving drugs using technology is another example of technological innovation. Technological innovation is a part of the total innovation discipline. Technological innovation therefore, has the following features:
a) Generate or create a new idea which is based on technology, capability or knowledge (invention); b) Develop the idea into a reality leading to building of a product (realisation); c) Implement the new idea (implementation)Ans: Data on demands of the market may be needed for a number of purposes to assist an organisation in its long term, medium and short term decisions. Forecasting is essential for a number of planning decisions and often provides a valuable input on which future operations of the business enterprise depend.
The primary purpose of forecasting. is to provide valuable information for planning the design and operation of the enterprise. Planning decisions may be classified as long term, medium term and short term.
Long term decisions include decisions like plant expansion or. new product introduction which may require new technologies or a. complete transformation in social or moral fabric of society. Such decisions are generally, characterised by lack of quantitative information and absence of historical data on which to base, the forecast of future events. Intuition and the collected opinion of. experts in the field generally play a significant role in developing forecasts for such decisions.
Medium term decisions involve such decisions as planning the production levels in a manufacturing plant over the next year, determination of manpower requirements or inventory policy for the firm. Short term decisions include daily production planning and scheduling decisions.
Some of the areas where forecasts of future product demand would be useful are indicated below
a) Specification of production targets as functions of time.It is thus clear that the forecast of demand of a product serves as a vital input for a number of important decisions and it is, therefore, necessary, to adopt a systematic and rational methodology for generating reliable forecasts.
13. What do you mean by team effectiveness? (5)Team effectiveness (also referred to as group effectiveness) is the capacity a team has to accomplish the goals or objectives administered by an authorized personnel or the organization. Teams do not become effective overnight. Team building is a process that requires due attention and care.
To build, lead, or participate in a team requires an understanding of the stages of team development. The most effective teamwork happens where individual contributors harmonise their efforts and work toward a common goal. Teams need a leader who is accessible, who listens and values their input, deals with problems promptly and who recognises them for the job well done.
It is important to have a clearly defined set of roles and responsibilities for each member of a team. In a good team all members take responsibility for their own respective obligations as well as for the overall completion of organisational goal. Effective teams are willing to try a new solution to an old problem. Besides, they conduct regular team meetings to discuss about on-going activities and fresh assignments. The differences of opinion should not be discouraged because new ideas and solutions are likely to crop up from these differences.
The following are important characteristics of effective teamwork: a) An effective teamwork creates unified commitment for goal achievement. b) In effective teamwork every team member participates in the process of exploring solutions to problems. c) There must be open communication, that is face-to-face communication among all members of the group. d) A team should have a built-in-decision making system in order to address all situations promptly and effectively. e) An effective team is able to gather information from each member and formulate that information into a responseAns: Employer-employee relations have become one of the most delicate and complex problems of modern industrial society. Industrial progress is impossible without labour management cooperation and industrial harmony. Therefore, it is in the interest of all to create and maintain good relations between employers and employees.
Employer-employee relations mean the relationships between employers and employees in industrial organisations. According to Dale Yoder, the term employer-employee relations refers to the whole field of relationship among people, human relationship that exist because of the necessary collaboration of men and women in the employment process of modern industry.
In the broad sense, the term employer-employee relations also include the relations between the various unions between the State and the unions as well as those between the employers and the Government. Relations of all these associated in industry may be called employer- employee relations.
The subject, therefore, includes individual relations and joint consultation between employers and workers at the place of work, collective relations between employers and their organisations and trade unions, and the part played by the State in regulating these relations.
Employer-employee relations involve the study of how people get on together at their work, what difficulties arise between them, how relations among them are regulated and what organisations are set up to protect different interests.
According to the ILO, employer-employee relations comprise relationships between the Sate on the one hand and the employers’ and employees’ organisations on the other hand and the relationship among the occupational organisations themselves.
The ILO uses the term to denote such matters as freedom of association and the protection of the right to organise, the right of collective bargaining, collective agreements, conciliation and arbitration and the machinery for cooperation between the authorities and the occupational organisations at various levels of economy.
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